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Early London Although there is some evidence of scattered brython settlement in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans in AD 43, following the Roman invasion of Britain. This settlement was called Londinium, commonly believed to be the origin of the present-day name, although a Celtic origin is also possible. The first London lasted for just seventeen years. Around AD 61, the Iceni tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily-planned incarnation of the city prospered and superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in AD 100. At its height in the 2nd century AD, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. However, by the 3rd century AD, the city started a slow decline due to trouble in the Roman Empire, and by the 5th century AD, it was largely abandoned. By 600 AD, the Anglo-Saxons had created a new settlement (Lundenwic) about 1 km upstream from the old Roman city, around what is now Covent Garden. There was probably a harbour at the mouth of the River Fleet for fishing and trading, and this trading grew until disaster struck in 851 AD, when the city's defences were overcome by a massive Viking raid and it was razed to the ground. A Viking occupation twenty years later was short-lived, and Alfred the Great, the new King of England, established peace and moved the settlement within the defensive walls of the old Roman city (then called Lundenburgh). The original city became Ealdwīc ("old city"), a name surviving to the present day as Aldwych. Subsequently, under the control of various English kings, London once again prospered as an international trading centre and political arena. However, Viking raids began again in the late 10th century, and reached a head in 1013 when they besieged the city under Danish King Canute and forced English King Ethelred the Unready to flee. In a retaliatory attack, Ethelred's army achieved victory by pulling down London Bridge with the Danish garrison on top, and English control was re-established. Canute took control of the English throne in 1017, controlling the city and country until 1042, when his death resulted in a reversion to Anglo-Saxon control under his pious step-son Edward the Confessor, who re-founded Westminster Abbey and the adjacent Palace of Westminster. By this time, London had become the largest and most prosperous city in England, although the official seat of government was still at Winchester. Following a victory at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror, the then Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly-finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William granted the citizens of London special privileges, whilst building a castle in the southeast corner of the city to keep them under control. This castle was expanded by later kings and is now known as the Tower of London, serving first as a royal residence and later as a prison. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall proved the basis of a new Palace of Westminster, the prime royal residence throughout the Middle Ages. Westminster became the seat of the royal court and government (persisting until the present day), whilst its distinct neighbour, the City of London, was a centre of trade and commerce and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. Eventually, the adjacent cities grew together and formed the basis of modern central London, superseding Winchester as capital of England in the 12th century. After the successful defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, political stability in England allowed London to grow further. In 1603, James VI of Scotland came to the throne of England, essentially uniting the two countries. His enactment of harsh anti-Catholic laws made him unpopular, and an assassination attempt was made on 5 November 1605 — the famous Gunpowder Plot. Plague caused extensive problems for London in the early 17th century, culminating in the Great Plague in 1665-1666. This was the last major outbreak in Europe, possibly thanks to the disastrous fire of 1666. The Great Fire of London broke out in the original City and quickly swept through London's wooden buildings, destroying large swathes of the city. Rebuilding took over ten years.

ITF-DVD-107 - Join Doug Jones, one of America's premier trvelog producers, on an exciting tour of Royal London. See this celebrated city through the eyes and times of the monarchs who have ruled England. Visit Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London. See the Crown Jewels, Windsor Castle, Hampton Court, St. Paul's Catherdral, Greenwich Observatory, the great country houses and Kew Gardens. Join a London couple for tea, wander through the Brighton Pavilion, stand before the Houses of Parliament, and climb to the top of the clock tower and watch Big Ben strike twelve! You will also see historic footage of the abdication of Edward the VII, you'll watch Queen Elizabeth II at the Trooping of the Colour, ride a double-decker bus, journey under London on the "tube," see the banking capital of the world, visit a brewery, shop at Fortnum and Mason, relax in the parklands, see Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum and Piccadilly Circus at night. Your journey will conclude with a stirring tribute to Sir Winston Churchill, the Battle of Britain and London's rebirth. All this and much more awaits you in this grand tour of one of the world's great cities;a video journey you'll enjoy time and time again.

The Thames is not one of the world's longest rivers -- it is a mere 346 kilometres in length (215 miles) -- but it is one of the most famous, and it is the longest and most important waterway in England. This natural highway connects the North Sea to the heart of southern England. From its source in the gentle hills of the Cotswolds down to the Thames Barrier of the estuary. It is a magnificent river and many places of interest lie on its banks (Eton, Oxford, Henley, Windsor, Hampton Court, Richmond). In London the river flows past the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey and the Tower of London. Ocean tides move up the river to south-west London. The Thames is 250 yards wide (229 metres) at London Bridge and 700 yards (600 metres) wide at Gravesend.

from Dido and Aeneas. The New York Times reviewer: Purcell's Evocation Of Doomed Love ...a production, made for the BBC and WNET, of Henry Purcell's only opera, ''Dido and Aeneas.'' Born in London in 1659, Purcell was an odd one. He progressed from boy singer to organ tuner to chief organist at Westminster Abbey. After some hanky-panky about charging admission to the great-organ loft, Purcell was dismissed, but when he died, at the age of 36, his body was interred at the Abbey with great fanfare. The ''Oxford Companion to Music'' says bluntly, ''His early death must ever be regarded as a national calamity.'' With a libretto by Nahum Tate, England's poet laureate at the time, ''Dido and Aeneas'' is being touted for this production as ''the first truly great opera composed by an Englishman.'' Let's not quibble. It is indeed a fascinating composition and is given a seductive reading by outstanding soloists working with the Collegium Musicum 90 orchestra and chorus conducted by Richard Hickox, a specialist in early music. Marking last year's 300th anniversary of Purcell's death, the opera was filmed in and around Hampton Court, the palace on the Thames built for Henry VIII in the early 16th century. Peter Maniura, the director, seems to have nurtured his mythological visions on films like Jean Cocteau's ''Orpheus'' (1949). Lots of mirrors, dramatic poses, shooting flames and things like that. It all works enough, thanks to a sterling company of singers. Maria Ewing's Dido, queen of ancient Carthage, is immensely moving as she realizes the tragic entwinements of her love for Aeneas (''Remember me, but, ah, forget my fate''), the Trojan who ends up in Carthage after the fall of Troy. As Aeneas, the English baritone Karl Daymond is not only strikingly handsome but uncommonly clear in enunciation, being one of the few performers here who doesn't require subtitles for his readings of the English libretto. Rebecca Evans is also impressive as Dido's lady-in-waiting, a central character. And don't overlook the chorus. Purcell's choral accomplishments are said to have had an important influence on Handel. ''Dido and Aeneas'' succeeds on many unexpected levels.

A tour through London. Visiting a lot of interesting and unknown places for a Beatle fan.

Not much going on that I could film (No place let me film inside), so I just ran the two weeks together. We go to Hampton Court Palace, Westminster Abbey, Chinese New Year, Day trip to Brighton, and the Optional Trip to Cambridge.

St. Edmund the Martyr CONT.. Feast Day: November 20 Born: 841 probably at Nuremburg, Germany Died: Hoxne, Suffolk, England 20 November 870 Patron of: against plague, kings, torture victims, wolves The saint's head was carried by the infidels into a wood and thrown into a brake of bushes; but miraculously found by a pillar of light and deposited with the body at Hoxdon. These sacred remains were very soon after conveyed to Bedricsworth, or Kingston, since called St. Edmundsbury, because this place was St. Edmund's own town and private patrimony; not on account of his burial, for Bury in the English-Saxon language signified a court or palace. A church of timber was erected over the place where he was interred, which was thus built according to the fashion of those times. Trunks of large trees were sawn lengthways in the middle and reared up with one end fixed in the ground, with the bark or rough side outermost. These trunks being made of an equal height and set up close to one another, and the interstices filled up with mud or mortar, formed the four walls, upon which was raised a thatched roof. Nor can we be surprised at the homeliness of this structure, since the same was the fabric of the royal rich abbey of Glastonbury, the work of the most munificent and powerful West-Saxon kings, till in latter ages it was built in a stately manner of stone. The precious remains of St. Edmund were honoured with many miracles. In 920, for fear of the barbarians under Turkil the Dane, in the reign of King Ethelred, they were conveyed to London by Alfun, bishop of that city, and the monk Egelwin, or Ailwin, the keeper of this sacred treasure, who never abandoned it. After remaining three years in the Church of St. Gregory, in London, it was translated again with honour to St. Edmundsbury in 923. The great church of timberwork stood till King Knute, or Canutus, to make reparation for the injuries his father Swein, or Sweno, had done to this place and to the relics of the martyr, built and founded there, in 1020, a new most magnificent church and abbey in honour of this holy martyr. The unparalleled piety, humility, meekness, and other virtues of St. Edmund are admirably set forth by our historians. This incomparable prince and holy martyr was considered by succeeding English kings as their special patron, and as an accomplished model of all royal virtues. The feast of St. Edmund is reckoned among the holidays of precept in this kingdom by the national council of Oxford in 1222; but is omitted in the constitutions of Archbishop Simon Islep, who retrenched certain holidays in 1362. No Christian can be surprised that innocence should suffer. Prosperity is often the most grievous judgment that God exercises upon a wicked man, who by it is suffered, in punishment of his impiety, to blind and harden himself in his evil courses, and to plunge himself deeper in iniquity. On the other hand God, in his merciful providence, conducts second causes so that afflictions fall to the share of those souls whose sanctification he has particularly in view. By tribulation a man learns perfectly to die to the world and himself, a work which, without its aid, even the severest self-denial and the most perfect obedience, leave imperfect. By tribulation we learn the perfect exercise of humility, patience, meekness, resignation, and pure love of God; which are neither practiced nor learned without such occasions. By a good use of tribulation a person becomes a saint in a very short time, and at a cheap rate. The opportunity and grace of suffering well is a mercy in favour of chosen souls; and a mercy to which every saint, from Abel to the last of the elect, is indebted for his crown. We meet with sufferings from ourselves, from disappointments, from friends, and from enemies. We are on every side beset with crosses. But we bear them with impatience and complaints. Thus we cherish our passions, and multiply sins by the very means which are given us to crucify and overcome them. To learn to bear crosses well is one of the most essential and most important duties of a Christian life. To make a good use of the little crosses which we continually meet with is the means of making the greatest progress in all virtue, and of obtaining strength to stand our ground under great trials. St. Edmund's whole life was a preparation for martyrdom.